Description: The Apex Journal of Social Sciences (AJSS) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes original research on a wide range of social science disciplines. Our aim is to foster interdisciplinary dialogue and advance knowledge in the field by providing a platform for scholars to disseminate their findings to a global audience. Scope: The journal covers a diverse array of social science topics, including but not limited to: Economics Education History Management Sciences Political Science Psychology Sociology Interdisciplinary Studies We welcome submissions that address theoretical, methodological, and empirical questions within these fields. Submission Guidelines: Manuscript Format: Manuscripts should adhere to APA style guidelines. Peer Review: All submissions undergo a rigorous peer review process. Publication Frequency: The journal is published Bi-Annually. Contact Information: support@apexjss.com
Consumer Perceptions and Trust in AI-Generated Advertising: An Experimental Study in the Pakistani Context
The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in advertising creation presents both opportunities and challenges for marketers. This study investigates how disclosing an advertisement's origin as AI-generated versus human-created influences consumer trust, brand authenticity, and purchase intent within the Pakistani market. Using a 2 (disclosure: AI-generated vs. human-created) and 2 (product type: utilitarian vs. hedonic) between-subjects experimental design with 390 consumers from major Pakistani cities, we find that advertisements labelled as "AI-generated" significantly reduce consumer trust, perceived brand authenticity, and purchase intent compared to identical ads labelled "human-created." Product type moderates this relationship, with hedonic products (luxury perfume) experiencing stronger negative effects than utilitarian products (laundry detergent). Demographic factors including age, technological literacy, and prior AI familiarity also moderate the effect. These findings contribute to source credibility theory in the context of AI and offer practical guidance for Pakistani marketers navigating disclosure decisions in an increasingly AI-mediated advertising landscape. References Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of motivational theories and firm health. International Journal of Management, 12(3), 1130–1137. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.6 Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social media marketing revolution in Pakistan: A study of its adoption and impact on business performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.52783/eel.v13i5.901 Aurangzeb, Mushtaque, T., Tunio, M. N., Zia-ur-Rehman, & Asif, M. (2021). Influence of administrative expertise of human resource practitioners on job performance: Mediating role of achievement motivation. International Journal of Management, 12(4), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.12.4.2021.035 Business Recorder. (2024, January 15). AI adoption in Pakistan's advertising sector grows 40% in 2023. Business Recorder. Campbell, C., Sands, S., Ferraro, C., Tsao, H. Y., & Mavrommatis, A. (2022). From data to action: How marketers can leverage AI. Business Horizons, 65(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.12.002 (added standard DOI format) Castelo, N., Bos, M. W., & Lehmann, D. R. (2019). Task-dependent algorithm aversion. Journal of Marketing Research, 56(5), 809–825. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022243719851788 Dhar, R., & Wertenbroch, K. (2000). Consumer choice between hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.1.60.18718 Dietvorst, B. J., Simmons, J. P., & Massey, C. (2015). Algorithm aversion: People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(1), 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000033 Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers' product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379102800305 Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994). The persuasion knowledge model: How people cope with persuasion attempts. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1086/209380 Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion: Psychological studies of opinion change. Yale University Press. Junaid, M., Hou, F., Hussain, K., & Kirmani, A. (2023). Brand authenticity in the age of AI: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 164, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.01.019 (standardized DOI) Kumar, V., Rajan, B., Venkatesan, R., & Lecinski, J. (2021). Understanding the role of artificial intelligence in personalized engagement marketing. California Management Review, 61(4), 135–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/00081256211040823 Logg, J. M., Minson, J. A., & Moore, D. A. (2019). Algorithm appreciation: People prefer algorithmic to human judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 151, 90–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.005 MarketsandMarkets. (2023). Artificial intelligence in marketing market: Global forecast to 2028. Morhart, F., Malär, L., Guèvremont, A., Girardin, F., & Grohmann, B. (2015). Brand authenticity: An integrative framework and measurement scale. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(2), 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.11.006 Ohanian, R. (1990). Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers' perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Journal of Advertising, 19(3), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1990.10673191 Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050024001 Pew Research Center. (2022). AI in daily life: Public perceptions of artificial intelligence. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. (2023). Annual report 2022–23. Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, A. (2022). Effect of internet addiction on school-going children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 12–47. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.3 Sundar, S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. MIT Press.
Copyright (c) 2024 Danyal Mohiuddin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Correlation Between Daily TikTok Usage and Sustained Attention During Extended Reading Tasks in Adolescents Aged 13-16
Objective: This study investigated the relationship between daily TikTok consumption and sustained attention during extended reading tasks among adolescents aged 13-16. Method: A sample of 453 adolescents (Mage = 14.7 years, SD = 1.2; 52% female, 48% male) was recruited from three public schools in Islamabad, Pakistan. Participants completed (1) a self-reported TikTok usage questionnaire, (2) a standardized reading comprehension assessment requiring 45 minutes of sustained focus, and (3) the Attention Span Inventory (ASI-2). Data were collected between August 2025 and December 2025. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation between daily TikTok usage and sustained reading scores, r = -0.38, p < .001, 95% CI [-0.45, -0.31]. Adolescents reporting more than three hours of daily TikTok use scored significantly lower on reading comprehension (M = 62.4, SD = 11.2) than those reporting less than one hour (M = 78.6, SD = 9.8), t(451) = 8.23, p < .001. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that TikTok usage predicted unique variance in attention scores even after controlling for age, gender, and general screen time (β = -0.31, p < .001). Conclusions: Findings suggest a significant negative correlation between TikTok usage and sustained reading attention among adolescents in Islamabad, Pakistan. While causation cannot be established, results support theoretical frameworks emphasizing attention residue and dopamine-mediated reward conditioning. Implications for educators, parents, and policymakers are discussed. The study contributes to the growing body of research on technology adoption and its psychological impacts in the Pakistani context. References Abbas, A., Zakir, D. M., Isani, M., & Faheem , M. (2026). Media, Mind, and Crime: Psychological and Communicative Dimensions of Criminal Representation. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v5i1.222 Ahmed, S., & Asif, M. (2026a). 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Liben & U. Müller (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (7th ed., pp. 1-46). Wiley. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent effect of conflict management towards psychological capital and employees' engagement in financial sector of Islamabad [Doctoral dissertation, Preston University]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17616.79360 Asif, M. (2022). Integration of information technology in financial services and its adoption by the financial sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i2.31 Asif, M. (2024). The complexities of bioterrorism: Challenges and considerations. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 2175–2184. Asif, M., Ali, A., & Shaheen, F. A. (2025). Assessing the effects of artificial intelligence in revolutionizing human resource management: A systematic review. Social Science Review Archives, 3(4), 2887–2908. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i3.1055 Asif, M., & Asghar, R. J. (2025). Managerial accounting as a driver of financial performance and sustainability in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Center for Management Science Research, 3(7), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17596478 Asif, M., Imran, A., Joseph, V., Haqdad, U., Samraameer, & Asif, M. (2022). Mediating role of trust between emotional intelligence and project team performance in telecommunication sector. Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 988–1005. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees' engagement: Moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, 4(3), 160–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(IV-III).15 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Mumtaz, A., & Sabir, B. (2023). Causes of youth unemployment in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v2i1.21 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., & Shahid, A. (2025). 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Copyright (c) 2026 Beyza Elif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Navigating Economic Uncertainties: The Interplay of Social Media Marketing, Social Support, and COVID-19 Perception in Fostering Customer Value Co-Creation Intentions in Digital Banking
The current study aims to empirically investigate the pathway to value co-creation intentions through social media marketing in digital banking, social support, and COVID-19 perception in the financial services context. Customers utilizing digital banking platforms in Pakistan were approached using an online survey. An online survey was conducted with digital banking customers, where 341 usable responses were analysed to measure the structural model using AMOS version 21. Even though customers received enormous support from digital banking communities, a fear of COVID-19 made it challenging to believe in social media campaigns. The current study results indicate that the contingent role of COVID-19 perception among social media marketing in digital banking, social support, and value co-creation intentions exists in reality. Additionally, continuous social support (functional and informational) has enabled customers to plan financial activities with guided protocols. Holistically, these results encourage banking managers to tailor financial services on contextual elements (functional and informational) of social support. The results offer social, theoretical, and practical implications to enhance the customer journey in digital banking. References Asif, M. (2021). Contingent effect of conflict management towards psychological capital and employees' engagement in financial sector of Islamabad (Doctoral dissertation, Preston University). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17616.79360 Asif, M. (2022). Integration of information technology in financial services and its adoption by the financial sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i2.31 Asif, M. (2024). The complexities of bioterrorism: Challenges and considerations. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 2175–2184. Asif, M., Ali, A., & Shaheen, F. A. (2025). 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A., Mumtaz, A., & Sabir, B. (2023). Causes of youth unemployment in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v2i1.21 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.6 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., & Shahid, A. (2025). Energy scarcity and economic stagnation in Pakistan. Bahria University Journal of Management & Technology, 8(1), 141–157. Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social media marketing revolution in Pakistan: A study of its adoption and impact on business performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.52783/eel.v13i5.901 Asif, M., Shah, H., & Asim, H. A. H. (2025). Cybersecurity and audit resilience in digital finance: Global insights and the Pakistani context. 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Knowledge metrics of brand equity; critical measure of brand attachment. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 3(1), 41–50. Rafi, A., Arzu, F., Khan, W. A., ul Haq, I., & Kashif, A. R. (2013a). HEXACO model of personality traits and entrepreneurial performance. Asian Journal of Business Management, 5(3), 320–325. Rafi, A., Khan, A. J., Gill, S. A., & Imdadullah, M. (2021). The philosophy of electronic word of mouth and consumer buying behavior. iRASD Journal of Economics, 3(3), 402–411. Rafi, A., & Rehman, M. A. (2025). Emotional well-being in peer-to-peer tourism: Evidence from the couchsurfing community. Consumer Behavior in Tourism and Hospitality. Rafi, A., Rehman, M. A., Awan, A., & Rather, R. A. (2024a). Augmented reality to enhance visitor tourism experience in ecotourism: A systematic review. In Supporting Environmental Stability Through Ecotourism (pp. 99–116). Rafi, A., Rehman, M. A., Musu, A., Rather, R. A., & Kautish, P. (2025a). 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Social Media Marketing in Digital Banking
Copyright (c) 2025 Brianna Natalie (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Workplace Friendship, Helping Behaviour, and Turnover Intention: The mediating effect of Affective Commitment
Workplace friendship and helping behavior have attracted scholarly attention, yet research on their relationship with turnover intention in the banking sector, particularly in South Asia, remains limited. This study examines the impact of workplace friendship and helping behavior on employees' turnover intentions, with a focus on the mediating role of affective commitment. Using Social Identity Theory as a framework, data were collected via a self-administered survey from 245 sales staff and cashiers in Pakistan's banking sector through convenience sampling. Analysis using SPSS revealed that workplace friendship and helping behavior are negatively related to turnover intention. Affective commitment partially mediated the relationship between workplace friendship and turnover intention and fully mediated the link between helping behavior and turnover intention. The findings suggest that managers should foster social relationships and mutual support among employees to reduce turnover. 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Copyright (c) 2025 Bella Grace (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Social Media Marketing, Consumer COVID-19 Perception, Social Support, Value Co-Creation: A Moderation-Mediation Model in the Hospitality Industry
This study investigates the intricate relationships between social media marketing (SMM), social support, and value co-creation intentions within the hospitality industry, particularly examining the moderating role of consumers' COVID-19 perception. Drawing on social support theory, this research proposes a moderated-mediation model. Data were collected from 229 travellers who use social media platforms for hotel bookings, such as Couchsurfing, Airbnb, and Booking.com, in the northern areas of Pakistan. The analysis, conducted using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), reveals that SMM significantly enhances social support, which in turn positively influences value co-creation intentions. The findings confirm the mediating role of social support in the SMM-value co-creation link. However, the perception of COVID-19 did not significantly moderate the relationship between SMM and social support. 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Copyright (c) 2026 Madiha Bashir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Organizational Power Structures and the Reproduction of Gender Inequality
This paper is an extensive empirical analysis of how organisational power systems logically recreate and recycle gender inequality. The research is based on the organisational theory of feminism and institutional approaches and is aimed to analysing the unique and at the same time interdependent roles of formal hierarchies, informal networks, decision-making control and organisational culture in creating gendered results. The data were collected through a designed questionnaire that was given to 390 employees in a range of hierarchy and industry sectors. The analysis results using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) can prove that each aspect of organisational power has statistically significant positive influence on perceived gender inequality, with decision-making control being the strongest predictor. Multi-group analyses also show that such effects are more acutely traced by female respondents which only contributes to the gendered experience of organisational power. These structural determinants explain a lot of gender inequality, as the model explains 62 per cent of the variance. The results shed light on how profoundly ingrained and self-perpetuating mechanisms promote inequality to go beyond personal prejudices and emphasise the insufficiency of symbolic diversity programmes. This study, therefore, can be useful to merge the theoretical framework of structural, relational, and cultural paradigms of power and provide specific and multi-level suggestions regarding measures to reallocate power and promote substantive gender equity in the workplace. References Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4(2), 139–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002 Asif, M. (2024). The complexities of bioterrorism: Challenges and considerations. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 2175–2184. Asif, M., Ali, A., & Shaheen, F. A. (2025). Assessing the Effects of Artificial Intelligence in Revolutionizing Human Resource Management: A Systematic Review. Social Science Review Archives, 3(4), 2887–2908. https://doi.org/10.70670/sra.v3i3.1055 Asif, M., & Asghar, R. J. (2025). Managerial accounting as a driver of financial performance and sustainability in small and medium enterprises in Pakistan. Center for Management Science Research, 3(7), 150–163. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17596478 Aurangzeb, Mushtaque, T., Tunio, M. N., Zia-ur-Rehman, & Asif, M. (2021). Influence of administrative expertise of human resource practitioners on the job performance: Mediating role of achievement motivation. International Journal of Management, 12(4), 408–421. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.12.4.2021.035 Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine domination. Stanford University Press. Coffman, K. (2025, March 27). Harvard research reveals hidden forces that limit women's and minorities' advancement. Harvard Business School. Retrieved from https://www.hbs.edu/news/articles/Pages/limit-womens-advancement.aspx Connell, R. (2006). Glass ceilings or gendered institutions? Mapping the gender regimes of public sector worksites. Public Administration Review, 66(6), 837–849. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00652.x Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573 French, J. R. P., Jr., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150–167). University of Michigan. Gallup. (2025). State of the Global Workplace: 2025 report. Gallup, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349424/state-of-the-global-workplace.aspx Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393451 Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. Basic Books. Kim, S., Phillips, L. T., & Glick, P. (2025). Organizational intolerance of sexual harassment eliminates gender differences in empathy and intervention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 128(3), 545–567. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000456 McKinsey & Company and LeanIn.Org. (2025). Women in the Workplace 2025. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace People Element. (2025). 2025 Employee Engagement Report. Retrieved from https://peopleelement.com/insights/employee-engagement-report/ Philbin, M. M., Parker, C. M., & Parker, R. G. (2023). Gender(ed) science: The paradox of success and progress. American Journal of Public Health, 113(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307120 Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. Free Press. World Economic Forum. (2025). Global Gender Gap Report 2025. Retrieved from http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2025.pdf
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Optimizing Early Intervention Strategies for Neurodiverse Children (ASD): Reducing Long-Term Public Healthcare Costs through Parent-Mediated Training
The escalating prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), now affecting approximately 1 in 36 children globally, presents an unprecedented challenge to public healthcare systems. Lifetime support costs for individuals with ASD range from $1.4 to $2.4 million per person, with aggregate national expenditures projected to exceed $460 billion annually by 2022. Current intervention models, clinic-based and professionally delivered, are characterized by limited accessibility, extensive waitlists, and unsustainable resource demands, necessitating urgent exploration of cost-effective alternatives. This study examines the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of Parent-Mediated Training (PMT) as an early intervention strategy for neurodiverse children with ASD, evaluating its potential to reduce long-term public healthcare expenditures while maintaining or improving developmental outcomes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis of longitudinal outcome data from 847 families across twelve intervention sites with qualitative exploration of parent experiences, implementation barriers, and facilitating factors. Cost-benefit analysis compared PMT programs against traditional professionally delivered interventions over a 10-year projection period. Results demonstrate that PMT programs yield comparable developmental gains to clinic-based interventions at 40-60% reduced cost. Parental competency improvements showed sustained benefits beyond the intervention period, with cascading effects on sibling development and family functioning. Implementation of fidelity and socioeconomic factors significantly moderate outcomes. Parent-Mediated Training represents a scalable, cost-effective intervention model capable of addressing service gaps while alleviating fiscal pressures on public healthcare systems. 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Autism spectrum disorder among US children (2002–2010): Socioeconomic, racial, and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 107(11), 1818–1826. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304032 Gordon-Lipkin, E., Foster, J., & Peacock, G. (2016). Whittling down the wait time: Exploring models to minimize the delay from initial concern to diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 63(5), 851–859.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.007 Green, J., Charman, T., McConachie, H., Aldred, C., Slonims, V., Howlin, P., Le Couteur, A., Leadbitter, K., Hudry, K., Byford, S., Barrett, B., Temple, K., Macdonald, W., & Pickles, A. (2010). Parent-mediated communication-focused treatment in children with autism (PACT): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 375(9732), 2152–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60587-9 Hastings, R. P., & Brown, T. (2002). Behavior problems of children with autism, parental self-efficacy, and mental health. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107(3), 222– https://doi.org/10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0222:BPOCWA>2.0.CO;2 Husereau, D., Drummond, M., Petrou, S., Carswell, C., Moher, D., Greenberg, D., Augustovski, F., Briggs, A. H., Mauskopf, J., & Loder, E. (2013). Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement. BMJ, 346, f1049. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1049 Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice. Field Methods, 18(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282260 Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Green, G. (1998). Cost-benefit estimates for early intensive behavioral intervention for young children with autism: General model and single state case. Behavioral Interventions, 13(4), 201–226. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-078X(199811)13:4<201::AID-BIN17>3.0.CO;2-R Kasari, C., Gulsrud, A., Paparella, T., Hellemann, G., & Berry, K. (2015). Randomized comparative efficacy study of parent-mediated interventions for toddlers with autism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(3), 554–563.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039080 Knapp, M., Romeo, R., & Beecham, J. (2009). Economic cost of autism in the UK. Autism, 13(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361309104246 Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (2006). Pivotal response treatments for autism: Communication, social, and academic development. Paul H. Brookes Publishing. Lavelle, T. A., Weinstein, M. C., Newhouse, J. P., Munir, K., Kuhlthau, K. A., & Prosser, L. A. (2014). Economic burden of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 133(3), e520–e529. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0763 Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 MacDonald, R., Parry-Cruwys, D., Dupere, S., & Ahearn, W. (2014). Assessing progress and outcome of early intensive behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3632–3644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.08.036 Malterud, K., Siersma, V. D., & Guassora, A. D. (2016). Sample size in qualitative interview studies: Guided by information power. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617444 Mandell, D. S., Cao, J., Ittenbach, R., & Pinto-Martin, J. (2006). Medicaid expenditures for children with autistic spectrum disorders: 1994 to 1999. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0088-z Nevill, R. E., Lecavalier, L., & Stratis, E. A. (2018). Meta-analysis of parent-mediated interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(2), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316677838 Neumann, P. J., Cohen, J. T., & Weinstein, M. C. (2014). Updating cost-effectiveness— The curious resilience of the $50,000-per-QALY threshold. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(9), 796–797. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1405158 Neumann, P. J., Sanders, G. D., Russell, L. B., Siegel, J. E., & Ganiats, T. G. (Eds.). (2016). Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Oono, I. P., Honey, E. J., & McConachie, H. (2013). Parent-mediated early intervention for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(4), CD009774. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009774.pub2 Palinkas, L. A., Aarons, G. A., Horwitz, S., Chamberlain, P., Hurlburt, M., & Landsverk, J. (2011). Mixed method designs in implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 38(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-010-0314-z Penner, M., Rayar, M., Engel-Yeger, B., & Gucciardi, E. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of parent-mediated interventions for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Autism, 22(3), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316679340 Peters-Scheffer, N., Didden, R., Korzilius, H., & Matson, J. (2012). Cost comparison of early intensive behavioral intervention and treatment as usual for children with autism spectrum disorder in the Netherlands. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 33(6), 1763–1772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.04.006 Rogers, S. J., & Dawson, G. (2010). Early Start Denver Model for young children with autism: Promoting language, learning, and engagement. Guilford Press. Shattuck, P. T., Roux, A. M., Hudson, L. E., Taylor, J. L., Maenner, M. J., & Trani, J. F. (2011). Services for adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(5), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371205700503 Shire, S. Y., Gulsrud, A., & Kasari, C. (2016). Increasing responsive parent-child interactions and joint engagement: Comparing the influence of parent-mediated intervention and parent psychoeducation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1737–1747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2702-z Stadnick, N. A., Stahmer, A., & Brookman-Frazee, L. (2015). Preliminary effectiveness of Project ImPACT: A parent-mediated intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder delivered in a community program. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 2092–2104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2376-y Stahmer, A. C., & Pellecchia, M. (2015). Moving towards a more ecologically valid model of parent-implemented interventions in autism. Autism, 19(3), 259–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361314566739 U.S. Department of Education. (2022). 44th annual report to Congress on the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services. Usama, H. A., Riaz, M., Khan, A., Begum, N., Asif, M., & Hamza, M. (2022). Prohibition of alcohol in Quran and Bible (a research and analytical review). PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 1202–1211. Wetherby, A. M., Guthrie, W., Woods, J., Schatschneider, C., Holland, R. D., Morgan, L., & Lord, C. (2014). Parent-implemented social intervention for toddlers with autism: An RCT. Pediatrics, 134(6), 1084–1093. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0757 Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531288 World Health Organization. (2022). Autism spectrum disorders. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A. (2019). Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2009–2017. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20190811. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-0811
Early Intervention, Parent-Mediated Training
Copyright (c) 2024 Tasnia Akter Shiva, Nusrat Ireen, Md Shafiqul Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enhancing Academic Learning: The Influence of Electronic Resources in AJK University Libraries
The purpose of present study to determine the impact of e-resources on students’ academic learning in the university of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A survey method is used for this study. A structured questionnaire was used for collection the data from the respondent. The researcher personally visited the universities to collect the data. Data collected of 300 respondents from academic students of 5 university of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The population of the present study was the students of UAJK, Muzaffarabad, WUAJ&K Bagh, UPR Rawalakot, UOK, and Kotli and MUST Mirpur. Using convenience-sampling technique, the researcher selected a sample of 300 students (60 from each university). The study found that the e-resources have significant positive effect on student academic learning. The research was limited to graduate students in Azad Jammu and Kashmir's universities. Additionally, this survey was restricted to Azad Jammu and Kashmir's public universities. References Achonna, A. U. (2008). Awareness, access and usage of e-journal resources of the library by the students of Yaba College of Technology, Yaba–Lagos Nigeria. Samaru Journal of Information Studies, 8(1), 26–34. Adeleke, D. S., & Emeahara, E. N. (2016). Relationship between information literacy and use of electronic information resources by postgraduate students of the University of Ibadan. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 1381. Adeyoyin, S. O., Idowu, T. A., & Sowole, A. O. (2016). Awareness, access, and use of electronic information resources among the seminarians in Nigeria. Journal of Religious & Theological Information, 15(1-2), 1–18. Amjad, A., Ahmed, S., & Naeem, S. B. (2013). Use of electronic information resources among research scholars in the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 19(3), 316–328. Ankrah, E., & Atuase, D. (2018). The use of electronic resources by postgraduate students of the University of Cape Coast. Library Hi Tech News, 35(8), 14–21. Baskar, A. (2017). E-resources and its uses in library. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(8), 3588–3592. Chen-Gaffey, A., & Getsay, H. (2015). More e-books, less print?—What does usage data tell us? Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services, 39(3-4), 59–67. Chohan, T. M., Bhatti, R., & Naeem, S. B. (2017). Prediction of academic performance of the university students through their use of library electronic resources and their self-efficacy. In European Conference on Information Literacy (pp. 557–567). Springer, Cham. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE. Deans, M. J. O., & Durrant, C. F. (2016). An investigation into the knowledge and use of electronic library resources in Jamaican community colleges. Journal of Web Librarianship, 10(4), 239–266. Deng, H. (2010). Emerging patterns and trends in utilizing electronic resources in a higher education environment: An empirical analysis. New Library World, 111(7/8), 313–326. Gouseti, A. (2017). Exploring doctoral students’ use of digital technologies: What do they use them for and why? Educational Review, 69(5), 638–654. Jabeen, M., Qinjian, Y., Yihan, Z., Jabeen, M., & Imran, M. (2017). Usability study of digital libraries: An analysis of user perception, satisfaction, challenges, and opportunities at university libraries of Nanjing, China. Library Collections, Acquisitions, & Technical Services, 40(1-2), 58–69. Jamali, H. R., Nicholas, D., & Huntington, P. (2005). The use and users of scholarly e‐journals: A review of log analysis studies. Aslib Proceedings, 57(6), 554–571. Javed, M. W., & Bhatti, R. (2013). Information usage patterns of postgraduate students at Nishter Medical College, Multan, Pakistan. Journal of Hospital Librarianship, 13(4), 353–361. Mirza, M. S., & Mahmood, K. (2012). Electronic resources and services in Pakistani university libraries: A survey of users' satisfaction. The International Information & Library Review, 44(3), 123–131. Nisha, F., & Ali, N. (2013). Awareness and use of e‐journals by IIT Delhi and Delhi University library users. Collection Building, 32(1), 13–20. Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, D. A. (2022). Effect of Internet Addiction on School Going Children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 13–55. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.3 Soni, N. K., Gupta, K. K., & Shrivastava, J. (2018). Awareness and usage of electronic resources among LIS scholars of Jiwaji University, Gwalior: A survey. Journal of Advances in Library and Information Science, 7(3), 312–318. Tella, A., Orim, F., Ibrahim, D. M., & Memudu, S. A. (2018). The use of electronic resources by academic staff at The University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Education and Information Technologies, 23(1), 9–27. Ur Rehman, S., & Ramzy, V. (2004). Awareness and use of electronic information resources at the health sciences center of Kuwait University. Library Review, 53(3), 150–156. Zhang, L., Ye, P., & Liu, Q. (2011). A survey of the use of electronic resources at seven universities in Wuhan, China. Program, 45(1), 67–77
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Kabir Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Enhancing Information Resource Sharing in Pakistani Academic Libraries: A Comprehensive Review
In today’s rapidly evolving academic landscape, libraries serve as the backbone of research and knowledge dissemination. At the heart of this mission lies Information Resource Sharing (IRS), a system that allows libraries to pool their resources, giving students, and researchers’ access to a far wider range of materials than any single institution could provide alone. By sharing books, journals, and digital databases, IRS not only maximizes cost-efficiency but also ensures that knowledge is distributed more equitably. However, in Pakistan, the journey toward effective IRS has been fraught with challenges. Picture this: a university library struggling with outdated technology, its limited budget stretched thin by rising subscription costs for academic journals. Meanwhile, another institution just a few cities away has invested in a state-of-the-art digital repository, but without a proper collaboration framework, its resources remain out of reach for others. These scenarios highlight the three major roadblocks Pakistani academic libraries face: chronic underfunding, uneven technological access, and a lack of institutional cooperation. Despite these hurdles, there is hope on the horizon. Recent research (2020–2025) reveals promising strategies to revitalize IRS in Pakistan. Imagine libraries adopting cloud-based sharing platforms, eliminating the need for expensive physical infrastructure. Envision universities banding together in consortia, much like the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) Digital Library initiative, to negotiate better access to global journals. Policymakers could further accelerate progress by standardizing IRS protocols and incentivizing collaboration. The way forward is clear. By embracing cutting-edge technologies like AI and blockchain, fostering stronger partnerships, and advocating for supportive policies, Pakistani academic libraries can transform IRS from a fragmented effort into a thriving, nationwide system. A more inclusive, efficient, and globally competitive research environment for generations to come. References Akosile, A., & Olatokun, W. (2020). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among academics in Bowen University, Nigeria. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 52(2), 410-427. Asif, D. M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67–77. Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i2.31 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., & Shahid, A. (2025). Energy scarcity and economic stagnation in Pakistan. Bahria University Journal Of Management & Technology, 8(1). Ashiq, M., Rehman, S. U., & Mujtaba, G. (2021). Future challenges and emerging role of academic libraries in Pakistan: A phenomenology approach. Information Development, 37(1), 158-173. Ashiq, M., Rehman, S. U., & Mujtaba, G. (2021). Future challenges and emerging role of academic libraries in Pakistan: A phenomenology approach. Information Development, 37(1), 158-173. Aslam, S., Jabeen, M., & Jabeen, M. (2025). Fostering innovation in smart library services: An in-depth exploration of empowered capabilities and dynamic strategies among university librarians in Pakistan. Information Development, 02666669241305379. Azam, M., & Ahmad, K. (2024). Adoption of big data analytics for sustainability of library services in academic libraries of Pakistan. Library Hi Tech, 42(5), 1457-1476. Baber, M., Islam, K., Ullah, A., & Ullah, W. (2024). Libraries in the age of intelligent information: AI-driven solutions. International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research, 2(1), 153-176. Bhatti, M. W., Ali, N., & Sabzwari, M. N. (2023). Research Scholars’ Perception about Information Resources available in University Libraries of Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Information Management and Practices, 3(2). Chisita, C. T., & Fombad, M. C. (2020). Conundrum of resource sharing in Zimbabwe: a case of academic libraries. Information Discovery and Delivery, 48(4), 179-186. Fatima, N., & Mehmood, M. I. (2024). Understanding Faculty Perspectives on the Integration of Online Learning Resources within Academic Libraries. Pakistan JL Analysis & Wisdom, 3, 160. Iqbal, Q., Akbar, T., Zia, M., Ahmad, R., & Cheema, A. M. (2024). Transforming Library Leadership: Redefining Leadership in the Digital Era and Its Impact on Innovative Work Behavior in Pakistan. Journal of Information Management and Practices, 4(2). Khan, M. K., & Ullah, A. (2024). Implication of IoT and its impact on library services: An overview. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 63-72. Liman, Y. A., & Aliyu, M. M. (2023). Digital transformation and innovation of academic libraries: A content analysis. Samaru Journal of Information Studies, 23(1), 1-15. Mahmood, N., & Khan, A. (2024). Employees' awareness of knowledge management in public university libraries in the technological era: A mixed method. Policy Research Journal, 2(4), 1165-1178. Nitecki, D. A., & Alter, A. (2021). Leading FAIR Adoption Across the Institution: A Collaboration Between an Academic Library and a Technology Provider. Data Science Journal, 20, 6-6. Qureshi, N. A., & Afsar, B. (2021). Modelling an environmental context for collaborative research productivity: perceptions about knowledge sharing from Pakistani universities. International Journal of Knowledge and Learning, 14(2), 175-192. Rafi, M., Islam, A. A., Ahmad, K., & Zheng, J. M. (2022). Digital resources integration and performance evaluation under the knowledge management model in academic libraries. Libri, 72(2), 123-140. Ramos-Eclevia, M. (2023). Becoming a global library at the local: internationalization activities and practices of Philippine academic libraries. Library Management, 44(1/2), 133-151. Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, D. A. (2022). Effect of Internet Addiction on School Going Children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 13–55. https://doi.org/10.63544/ijss.v1i1.3 Siddiqui, S., Nafees, S., & Bano, N. (2023). User’s intention towards the use of digital libraries: a post COVID-19 scenario. Digital Library Perspectives, 39(4), 470-495. Ullah, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Role of libraries in ensuring quality education at higher education institutions: a perspective of Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4), 13-22. Ullah, A., Usman, M., & Baber, M. (2023). Role of Libraries in Enhancing Research Support Services in Islamabad Universities: Role of Libraries in Enhancing Research Support Services. Journal of Social Sciences, 14(1), 40-55. Ullah, A., Shahzad, F., Ahmad, W., & Naseer, M. (2024). Mobile Personal Information Management Skills Of The University Librarians In Pakistan. Remittances Review, 9, 405-431. Ullah, W., Usman, M., & Ullah, A. (2024). Usage of E-Resources Among the Students of GCUF Library. International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research, 2(2), 153-168. Wang, Z., Wang, T., Hu, H., Gong, J., Ren, X., & Xiao, Q. (2020). Blockchain-based framework for improving supply chain traceability and information sharing in precast construction. Automation in construction, 111, 103063. Varadarajan, R. (2020). Customer information resources advantage, marketing strategy and business performance: A market resources based view. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 89-97. Wager, K. A., Lee, F. W., & Glaser, J. P. (2021). Health care information systems: a practical approach for health care management. John Wiley & Sons. Yu, W., Zhao, G., Liu, Q., & Song, Y. (2021). Role of big data analytics capability in developing integrated hospital supply chains and operational flexibility: An organizational information processing theory perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163, 120417.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Usman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Media Influence on Fashion and Identity: A Study of Female University Students
This study primarily focuses on the impact of fashion on the dressing style of female students at Quaid-i-Azam University. According to Crane (2000), “clothes are a key factor that can make or break one’s personality.” Every individual desires to present themselves as attractive and well-groomed, which often leads them to adopt the latest fashion trends. These trends are frequently influenced by fashion shows, peer groups, and social media, which serve as significant sources of inspiration. To explore this phenomenon, a sample of 100 female students was selected from Quaid-i-Azam University, reflecting the reality that female students at the university exhibit a strong inclination toward fashion. The researcher employed a questionnaire-based survey method to collect data, using structured questions to measure the results and analyse the influence of fashion on their dressing choices. The study aims to understand how fashion trends shape the clothing preferences of female students and the extent to which they are influenced by external factors such as media, peers, and cultural norms. It also seeks to explore whether fashion serves as a means of self-expression or conformity within the university environment. The questionnaire method was chosen for its ability to provide quantitative data, allowing for a systematic analysis of trends and patterns. By examining the responses, the study sheds light on the role of fashion in shaping personal identity and social interactions among female students. Additionally, it highlights the importance of clothing as a tool for communication and self-presentation in academic settings. The findings of this research could offer valuable insights into the dynamics of fashion adoption among university students and its broader implications on social behaviour and cultural trends. References Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health. Management (IJM), 12(3), 1130-1137. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Aspers, P., & Godart, F. (2013). Sociology of fashion: Order and change. Annual Review of Sociology, 39(1), 171-192. Barnard, M. (2014). Fashion as Communication. Routledge. Craik, J. (2009). Fashion: The Key Concepts. Berg Publishers. Craik, J. (2023). Fashion and Cultural Identity: A Global Perspective. Routledge. Crane, D. (2000). Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing. University of Chicago Press. Davis, F. (1992). Fashion, Culture, and Identity. University of Chicago Press. Entwistle, J. (2015). The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, and Modern Social Theory. Polity Press. Fernandez, M., Manuel, A., & Vega, C. (2023). The role of cultural diversity in fashion trends. Journal of Fashion Studies, 12(3), 45–60. Henninger, C. E., Alevizou, P. J., & Oates, C. J. (2023). Sustainable fashion consumption: A review of the literature. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 22(4), 123–140. Kawamura, Y. (2023). Fashion-ology: An Introduction to Fashion Studies. Bloomsbury Academic. Kim, J., & Kim, M. (2023). The impact of social media on fashion trends: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Fashion Marketing, 15(2), 89–104. Mcdermott, I., & Albrecht, T. (2002). Mass Media and Society. Sage Publications. McNeill, L., & Moore, R. (2015). Sustainable fashion consumption and the fast fashion conundrum: Fashionable consumers and attitudes to sustainability in clothing choice. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(3), 212–222. McNeill, L., & Moore, R. (2023). Sustainable fashion and consumer behavior: A systematic review. Sustainability, 15(1), 1–18. Nirmala, S. (2008). Fashion and Its Impact on Society. Oxford University Press. Noubikko, L. (n.d.). The Evolution of Fashion. Fashion Studies Journal. Oxford Dictionary. (2010). Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2014). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 630–643. Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2023). Fashion and self-esteem: The role of clothing in body image and confidence. Body Image, 44, 45–52. Woodward, S. (2007). Why Women Wear What They Wear. Berg Publishers. Woodward, S. (2023). Why Women Wear What They Wear: Gender and Fashion in the 21st Century. Berg Publishers.
Copyright (c) 2023 Maria Ilyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Role of Motivation in Enhancing Organizational Performance and Talent Retention
Motivation serves as the internal force that drives human behaviour, guiding our actions and pushing us toward achieving our goals. While it is not something we can physically grasp, it is a theoretical concept that represents a complex combination of factors that spark our determination. This inner drive plays a crucial role in shaping performance, influencing our aspirations, and providing the resilience needed to overcome challenges and reach our objectives. This paper explores the multifaceted nature of motivation, examining various influential theories and their significant impact on human behaviour, especially within organizational environments. The study focuses on the critical connection between employee motivation and talent retention, a key concern for organizations aiming for long-term success. Motivation is not just a desirable quality; it is essential for maintaining a healthy and productive organization. Motivated employees are more engaged, efficient, and dedicated to the organization’s goals, while a lack of motivation can lead to reduced performance, increased turnover, and a decline in overall organizational well-being. This research will thoroughly examine several prominent motivational theories, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Self-Determination Theory. For each theory, the paper will break down its fundamental principles, evaluate its strengths and weaknesses, and emphasize its practical applications in talent management. The study will explore how these theories can help organizations understand employee needs, design effective reward systems, foster a positive workplace culture, and build an environment that encourages motivation. Beyond theoretical exploration, this paper will also focus on the practical implementation of these theories. It will identify and analyse specific strategies that organizations can adopt to nurture and maintain motivation among their employees. These strategies may include leadership development programs, employee recognition initiatives, opportunities for professional advancement, and creating a work environment that emphasizes autonomy, purpose, and skill development. References Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health. Management (IJM), 12(3), 1130-1137. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23-35. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Asif, M., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Creating a High-Performance Workplace by the determination of Importance of Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Leadership. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(2), 9-15. Anderson, P., & Taylor, E. (2023). Self-actualization in the digital age: Opportunities and challenges for employee development. Journal of Career Development, 50(4), 567-582. Aurangzeb, Asif, M., & Amin, M. K. (2021). Resources management and SME's performance. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3), 679-689. Aurangzeb, M., Tunio, M., Rehman, Z., & Asif, M. (2021). Influence of administrative expertise on human resources practitioners on the job performance: Mediating role of achievement motivation. International Journal of Management, 12(4), 408-421. Brophy, J. (1999). Toward a model of the value aspects of motivation in education: Developing appreciation for.. Educational psychologist, 34(2), 75-85. Brown, A., Taylor, R., & Davis, M. (2022). Employee motivation in hybrid work environments: A review of strategies and outcomes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 33(5), 789-805. Di Serio, Á., Ibáñez, M. B., & Kloos, C. D. (2013). Impact of an augmented reality system on students' motivation for a visual art course. Computers & education, 68, 586-596. Gellerman, S. W. (1992). Motivation in the real world: The art of getting extra effort from everyone in your organization. Penguin Books. Green, M., & Roberts, S. (2023). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in contemporary workplaces: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(3), 321-335. HemaMalini, P. H., & Washington, A. (2014). Employees' motivation and valued rewards as a key to effective QWL-from the perspective of expectancy theory. TSM Business Review, 2(2), 45. Herzberg, F. (1959). The motivation to work. Wiley. Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. World Publishing. Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employees? Harvard Business Review, 46(1), 53-62. Ishfaq, U., Imran, A., Joseph, V., Haqdad, U., & Asif, M. (2022). Mediating role of trust between emotional intelligence and project team performance in telecommunication sector. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 988-1005. Kreitner, R. (1998). Management (8th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. Kreitner, R., & Kinicki, A. (1999). Organizational behavior (5th ed.). Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Lee, S., & Patel, K. (2023). The role of social needs in employee engagement: Evidence from remote work settings. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 34(2), 123-140. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396. Mushtaque, T., Tunio, M. N., ur Rehman, Z., & Asif, M. (2021). INFLUENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERTISE OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTITIONERS ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE: MEDIATING ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION. International Journal of Management (IJM), 12(4). Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). Managerial attitudes and performance. Irwin. Robbins, S. P. (1993). Organizational behavior: Concepts, controversies, and applications (6th ed.). Prentice Hall. Ross, M., Perkins, H., & Bodey, K. (2016). Academic motivation and information literacy self-efficacy: The importance of a simple desire to know. Library & information science research, 38(1), 2-9. Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press. Smith, J., & Johnson, L. (2021). Modern applications of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(3), 456-470. Steers, R. M. (1983). Motivation and work behavior (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1983). Motivation and work behavior (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Tohidi, H., & Jabbari, M. M. (2012). The effects of motivation in education. Procedia-social and behavioral Sciences, 31, 820-824. Verplanken, B., & Holland, R. W. (2002). Motivated decision making: effects of activation and self-centrality of values on choices and behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology, 82(3), 434. Williams, R., Harris, T., & Clarke, D. (2023). Aligning employee needs with organizational goals: A strategic approach to talent retention. Organizational Dynamics, 52(1), 45-60.
Copyright (c) 2025 Barrister Shayaan Wadood Esq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Factors Associated with Child Labour and its Relationship with Educational Attainment
This study investigates the prevalence and impact of child labour on children's education and well-being in Bara Kahu, Islamabad, Pakistan. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study explores the factors contributing to child labour, its impact on educational outcomes, and the challenges faced by children in accessing quality education. Data was collected through surveys and interviews with 90 children aged 5-17 years. Preliminary analysis reveals that a significant proportion of children are involved in some form of work, which often interferes with their education. Financial constraints and family responsibilities emerge as major barriers to school attendance. Additionally, many children face challenges in their education, including lack of resources, teacher absenteeism, and bullying. The study also highlights the lack of awareness among children and their families regarding child labour laws and their rights. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the complex factors driving child labour and its impact on children's lives. The findings will inform the development of effective interventions to address child labour, promote quality education, and ensure the well-being of children in Bara Kahu, Islamabad. References Asghar, R. J., Shah, M. U. Z. A. M. M. E. L., & Khan, J. A. (2021). Big Five Personality Traits and Training Transfer: Does Organizational Politics Matters. International Review of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(4), 457-469. Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health. Management (IJM), 12(3), 1130-1137. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Basu, K., & Tzannatos, Z. (2003). "The Global Child Labor Problem: What Do We Know and What Can We Do?" World Bank Economic Review, 17(2), 147-173. Bhatty, K. (1998). "Educational Deprivation in India: A Survey of Field Investigations." Economic and Political Weekly, 33(27), 1731-1740. Edmonds, E. V. (2005). "Does Child Labor Decline with Improving Economic Status?" Journal of Human Resources, 40(1), 77-99. Grootaert, C., & Kanbur, R. (1995). "Child Labour: An Economic Perspective." International Labour Review, 134(2), 187-203. Heady, C. (2003). "The Effect of Child Labor on Learning Achievement." World Development, 31(2), 385-398. International Labour Organization (ILO). (2013). "Marking Progress against Child Labour: Global Estimates and Trends 2000-2012." International Labour Organization (ILO). (2017). "Global Estimates of Child Labour: Results and Trends, 2012-2016." International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). "Child Labour." Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/child-labour/lang-en/index.htm Khan, A., & Lyon, S. (2015). "Measuring Children's Work in South Asia: Perspectives from National Household Surveys." International Labour Office. Mushtaque, T., Tunio, M. N., ur Rehman, Z., & Asif, M. (2021). INFLUENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERTISE OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTITIONERS ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE: MEDIATING ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION. International Journal of Management (IJM), 12(4). Patrinos, H. A., & Psacharopoulos, G. (1997). "Family Size, Schooling and Child Labor in Peru - An Empirical Analysis." Journal of Population Economics, 10(4), 387-405. Ray, R., & Lancaster, G. (2005). "The Impact of Child Labor on Schooling Outcomes in Nepal." Applied Economics, 37(14), 1887-1901. Save the Children. (2018). "Child Labour: The Global Situation." Retrieved from https://www.savethechildren.org/us/what-we-do/global-programs/child-protection/child-labor Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, A. (2022). Effect of Internet Addiction on School Going Children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 13-55. UNICEF. (2016). "UNICEF's Approach to Child Labour." Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-labour UNICEF. (2019). "Child Labour and Exploitation." Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-labour.
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The Effect of Educational Attainment on Individual Saving Behaviour: An Empirical Investigation
The study employs a quantitative research methodology, utilizing survey data collected from a sample of individuals residing in Islamabad, Pakistan. The analysis explores the association between different levels of education (e.g., high school, bachelor's, master's) and key indicators of saving behaviour, such as the presence of savings accounts, the frequency of saving, the proportion of income saved, and the primary saving goals. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between educational attainment and positive saving behaviours. Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to possess savings accounts, have multiple savings accounts, and prioritize long-term saving goals, such as retirement planning. Moreover, they tend to save a higher proportion of their income and exhibit greater confidence in achieving their financial goals. These findings underscore the crucial role of education in fostering responsible financial behaviour. By enhancing financial literacy, increasing earning potential, and cultivating critical thinking skills, education empowers individuals to make informed financial decisions, develop effective saving strategies, and achieve their long-term financial aspirations. Education significantly influences saving behaviour. Higher education is associated with increased financial literacy and improved saving outcomes. Factors like income, occupation, and cultural background also significantly influence saving habits. This study contributes to a better understanding of the multifaceted relationship between educations and saving behaviour, providing valuable insights for policymakers and educators in developing strategies to promote financial well-being among individuals at all levels of education. References Abdul Jamal, N., Ramayah, T., & Osman, M. (2016). The role of education and financial literacy in promoting saving behavior among individuals. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 21(2), 144-153. doi:10.1057/fsm.2016.9 Aguilera Núñez, À. (2023). Design of a strategic plan for the creation of an online education and advisory platform focused on personal finance (Bachelor's thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya). Asghar, R. J., Shah, M. U. Z. A. M. M. E. L., & Khan, J. A. (2021). Big Five Personality Traits and Training Transfer: Does Organizational Politics Matters. International Review of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(4), 457-469. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23-35. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Bajtelsmit, V. L. (2024). Personal finance. John Wiley & Sons. Ćorić, B. (2011). The financial accelerator effect: concept and challenges. Financial theory and practice, 35(2), 171-196. Ishfaq, U., Imran, A., Joseph, V., Haqdad, U., & Asif, M. (2022). Mediating role of trust between emotional intelligence and project team performance in telecommunication sector. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 988-1005. Kohn, N. A. (2014). Vulnerability theory and the role of government. Yale JL & Feminism, 26, 1. Lusardi, A., & Mitchell, O. S. (2014). The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Literature, 52(1), 5-44. Mushtaque, T., Tunio, M. N., ur Rehman, Z., & Asif, M. (2021). INFLUENCE OF ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERTISE OF HUMAN RESOURCE PRACTITIONERS ON THE JOB PERFORMANCE: MEDIATING ROLE OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION. International Journal of Management (IJM), 12(4). Rehman, H. U., Rehman, C. A., & Rehman, B. U. (2011). The relationship between education and saving behavior in Pakistan. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32(1), 155-164. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2010.11.001 Shefrin, H. M., & Thaler, R. H. (1988). The behavioral life‐cycle hypothesis. Economic inquiry, 26(4), 609-643. Strober, M. H. (1990). Human capital theory: Implications for HR managers. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 29(2), 214-239. Totenhagen, C. J., Casper, D. M., Faber, K. M., Bosch, L. A., Wiggs, C. B., & Borden, L. M. (2015). Youth financial literacy: A review of key considerations and promising delivery methods. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 36, 167-191. Vihtelic, J. L. (1996). Personal finance: An alternative approach to teaching undergraduate finance. Financial Services Review, 5(2), 119-131. Xiao, J. J., & Sommer, L. (2009). The impact of financial education on young adults' financial behavior. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 20(1), 1-14.
Copyright (c) 2024 Barrister Shayaan Wadood Esq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sacred Spaces: The Role of Shrines in Women’s Health Practice
This research investigates the role of Sufi shrines in addressing the socio-medical concerns of women residing near the Mohra Sharif shrine in Murree, Pakistan. Drawing upon ethnographic methods, the study explores the interplay of cultural beliefs, religious practices, and social factors in shaping women's experiences and perceptions. Key findings reveal that women utilize the shrine for a wide range of issues, including physical illnesses, psychological distress, and social challenges. The study examines the significance of the shrine and its associated saint within the women's belief systems, exploring concepts such as intercession, healing powers, and spiritual guidance. Furthermore, the research delves into the specific practices employed by women at the shrine, including prayers, recitations, and seeking blessings from the saint. The study also considers the influence of cultural norms, family traditions, and individual experiences on women's decisions to visit the shrine and their expectations of its efficacy. By analysing the interplay of cultural, religious, and social factors, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of women's health-seeking behaviours within the context of Sufi shrines in Pakistan. References Abbas, S., Qureshi, D. S., Safdar, R., & Zakar, D. R. (2020). Peoples’ perceptions about visiting Sufi shrine in Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 28(2), 369-387. Arshaad, T., Mushtaq, A. Q., Butt, D. M., Khan, H., Azhar, A., Siddique, N., & Khan, M. A. (2024). Secular Culture Of Sufi Shrines In Punjab: The Case Study Of Sain Muhammad Bakhsh (Baba Lasoori Shah) Shrine In Faisalabad, Pakistan. Kurdish Studies, 12(1), 5019-5032. Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Asim, M., Karim, S., Khwaja, H., Hameed, W., & Saleem, S. (2022). The unspoken grief of multiple stillbirths in rural Pakistan: an interpretative phenomenological study. BMC women's health, 22(1), 45. Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge. Campbell, S., Greenwood, M., Prior, S., Shearer, T., Walkem, K., Young, S., ... & Walker, K. (2020). Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples. Journal of research in Nursing, 25(8), 652-661. Charan, I. A., Wang, B., & Yao, D. (2018). Cultural and religious perspective on the Sufi shrines. Journal of Religion and Health, 57, 1074-1094. Charan, I. A., Zezhuang, W., & JinHao, Z. (2024). Religious Tourism and Its Impact on Spiritual, Physical, and Mental Health: Insights from Pilgrims to Iranian Saints’ Shrines. Journal of religion and health, 63(1), 466-489. Chuajap, J. P. P., Diamante, R. M. C., Donguez, A. G. S., Metrillo, F. D., Miralles, C. O., Quicio, R. V. C., ... & Mercado, J. M. T. (2024). Santuario (Shrines): The Sustainable Religious Tourism Management of Selected Philippine Congregation-managed Marian Shrines. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 11(6), 8. Durkheim, E. (2016). The elementary forms of religious life. In Social theory re-wired (pp. 52-67). Routledge. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1956). Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande. Clarendon Press. Geertz, C. (2013). Religion as a cultural system. In Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (pp. 1-46). Routledge. Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books. Good, B. J. (1994). Medicine, Rationality, and Experience. Cambridge University Press. Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. Cornell University Press. Iqbal, T., & Farid, M. (2017). Sufi practices as the cause of spiritual, mental and physical healing at Chishti shrines in Pakistan. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 943-953. Kleinman, A. (1980). Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture. University of California Press. Lee, S. Y., Sasaki, S., Kurokawa, H., & Ohtake, F. (2022). The school education, ritual customs, and reciprocity associated with self-regulating hand hygiene practices during COVID-19 in Japan. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1663. Levesque, J. (2022). Managing diversity in Pakistan: Nationalism, ethnic politics, and cultural resistance. Ethnic Studies Review, 31(2), 149-165. Parker, C., Scott, S., & Geddes, A. (2019). Snowball sampling. SAGE research methods foundations. Pirani, F. (2009). Therapeutic encounters at a Muslim shrine in Pakistan: an ethnographic study of understandings and explanations of ill health and help-seeking among attenders (Doctoral dissertation, Middlesex University). Quraeshi, S. (2010). Sacred spaces: a journey with the Sufis of the Indus. Harvard University Press. Ranganathan, S. (2023). ‘I do not feel well here as such. But it has become my home’: abandonment and care in healing shrines. Anthropology & Medicine, 30(3), 278-293. Rasool, F. (2024). Embracing diversity: A path to national integration in Pakistan. Journal of Cultural Studies, 45(3), 215-228. Safdar, S., Waqar, Y., & Muhammad, Y. (2023). Embracing diversity: The role of multicultural education in mitigating ethnic conflict & fostering unity in Pakistan. Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1), 67-81. Takano, R., & Taoka, D. (2024). Relationships Between Meaning in Life and Positive and Negative Spirituality in a Field Setting in Japan. Journal of religion and health, 63(1), 224-237. Tillich, P. (2012). The shaking of the foundations. Wipf and Stock Publishers. Webster, J. R. (2021). A Place for Women Only: Health, Healing and the Divine at an Islamic Shrine in Central Asia. Gender & History, 33(3), 701-714. Zvingowanisei, S. (2024). Women and shrines in African indigenous religion. Gender, African Philosophies, and Concepts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Ilyas, Rabbia Ilyas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Higher Education and Cyber-crime Perception among University Students in Islamabad
Advanced education serves as the cornerstone of human capital development and fuels economic growth. By cultivating individuals with valuable skills and knowledge, it empowers them to make significant contributions to their societies and drive national prosperity. Ideally, advanced education should contribute to a more secure and cyber-resilient society, fostering a workforce equipped to navigate the complexities of the digital age and mitigate cyber threats. However, when examining the relationship between advanced education and cybercrime in Pakistan, a concerning trend emerges. Despite the potential of higher education to cultivate a skilled and responsible citizenry, the reality in Pakistan seems to suggest a different outcome. A contributing factor to this disparity may lie in the limited availability of suitable employment opportunities for graduates. When individuals with advanced degrees, possessing valuable skills and knowledge, are unable to find meaningful employment in their respective fields, they may become more susceptible to engaging in cybercrime as a means of income generation. This unfortunate circumstance can lead to a situation where individuals with the potential to contribute positively to society instead resort to illicit activities, undermining the very goals of advanced education. To further investigate this concerning phenomenon, a quantitative research study was conducted at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. This study aimed to delve deeper into the factors that may be driving this trend and to better understand the relationship between advanced education and cybercrime within the Pakistani context. By examining the experiences and perspectives of individuals within the academic environment, the study sought to shed light on the challenges faced by graduates in the job market and the potential impact of these challenges on their involvement in cybercriminal activities. References Adeshola, A., & Oluwajana, D. (2024). Assessing cybersecurity awareness, attitudes, and capacity to assess cybersecurity risks among university students. Journal of Cybersecurity Research, 12(2), 114-129. Asghar, R. J., Jimshaid, A., & Choudhary, A. I. (2015). Impact of business education on corporate social responsibility (CSR). IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 2(2). Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23-35. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Mumtaz, A., & Sabir, B. (2023). Causes of youth unemployment in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 41-50. Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Asif, M., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Creating a High-Performance Workplace by the determination of Importance of Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Leadership. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(2), 9-15. Aurangzeb, D., & Asif, M. (2021). Role of leadership in digital transformation: A case of Pakistani SMEs. In Fourth International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Management and Sciences (ICETEMS-2021) (4(1), 219-229). Aurangzeb, M., Tunio, M., Rehman, Z., & Asif, M. (2021). Influence of administrative expertise on human resources practitioners on the job performance: Mediating role of achievement motivation. International Journal of Management, 12(4), 408-421. Bashir, M., Noor-e-Zahra, S., & Qaisar, Z. (2024). The Gig Economy and Automation: Implications for Human Resource Management in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 41-53. Broadhurst, R. (2018). An exploratory study on cybercrime risks in a university student community. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 45-60. Cassim, F. (2011). Addressing the growing spectre of cyber crime in Africa: evaluating measures adopted by South Africa and other regional role players. Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, 44(1), 123-138. Gordon, S., & Ford, R. (2006). On the definition and classification of cybercrime. Journal in computer virology, 2, 13-20. Hussain, S., & Shahid, A. (2024). Social Media & Body Image: A Study of a Public Sector University in Islamabad. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 63-81. Igba, D. (2018). Perception of cybercrime among university undergraduates and its implications on their academic achievement. Journal of Information Security and Cybercrime Studies, 6(3), 89-102. Madero-Hernandez, A., & Fisher, B. S. (2012). Routine activity theory. Nilupú-Moreno, D., Fernández-Muñoz, J., Gil-Garcia, J. R., & Rodríguez-Bolaños, R. (2024). Cybersecurity awareness among university students: A systematic review of the literature. Cybersecurity Education and Awareness Journal, 8(4), 203-220. Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, A. (2022). Effect of Internet Addiction on School Going Children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 13-55. Thompson, K. (1992). Quality control in higher education. British Journal of Educational Studies, 40(1), 51-56.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asma Shaheen, Sabahat Waqar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Hopelessness, Depression, & Self Harm among Prisoners in Pakistan
This paper aims to explore the impact of imprisonment on the mental health among prisoners in terms of levels and association of hopelessness, depression and self-harm among prisoners in Pakistan. The paper is based on a cross-sectional survey method design by using purposive sampling technique. The findings highlighted the prevalence and correlation of hopelessness, depression and self-harm among prisoners. Moreover, the level of hopelessness, depression and self-harm is higher among female as compared to male prisoners. Whereas, prisoners from low socioeconomic status were found with greater level of hopelessness, depression and self-harm than middle class prisoners. Additionally, the uneducated prisoners were found to be more depressed and were high on deliberate self-harm than the prisoners with primary to high level of education. Similarly, the drugs convicted prisoners were identified with more depression and self-harm than the prisoners involved in murder case. The current study may help the prison administration to improve awareness and understand the need of rehabilitation of prisoners by highlighting the mental illness. This study provides and contributes in highlighting the mental illnesses among the prisoners during their incarceration which will further help the prison administration by understanding the mental issues among prison population. References Asif, D. M. (2024). THE COMPLEXITIES OF BIOTERRORISM: CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 3(3), 2175-2184. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Armour, Cherie. (2012). "Mental health in prison: A trauma perspective on importation and deprivation." International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory 5.2. Baillargeon, J., Penn, J. V., Thomas, C. R., Temple, J. R., Baillargeon, G., & Murray, O. J. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and suicide in the nation's largest state prison system. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, 37(2), 188-193. Beyen, T.K., Dadi, A.F., Dachew, B.A., Muluneh, N.Y., & Bisetegn, T.A. (2017). More than eight in every nineteen inmates were living with depression at prisons of Northwest Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, a cross sectional study design. British medical journal 17(1), 31. Bilal, F., & Saeed, K. (2011). Psychiatric morbidity among the female inmates of district jail Adyala, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 36(2), 129-132. Boothby, J. L., & Clements, C. B. (2000). A national survey of correctional psychologists. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27(6), 716-732. Borrill, J. O., Burnett, R., Atkins, R., Miller, S., Briggs, D., Weaver, T., & Maden, A. (2003). Patterns of self‐harm and attempted suicide among white and black/mixed race female prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 13(4), 229-240. Brunton-Smith, I., & McCarthy, D. J. (2017). The effects of prisoner attachment to family on re-entry outcomes: A longitudinal assessment. The British Journal of Criminology, 57(2), 463-482. Butler, T., Andrews, G., Allnutt, S., Sakashita, C., Smith, N. E., & Basson, J. (2006). Mental disorders in Australian prisoners: a comparison with a community sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(3), 272-276. Crawley, E. (2005). Institutional thoughtlessness in prisons and its impacts on the day-to-day prison lives of elderly men. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(4), 350-363. Dawood, S., Khan, A. Q., & Rashid, A. (2017). Psychological Disorders Among Prisoners In Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 14(1). Dixon-Gordon, K., Harrison, N., & Roesch, R. (2012). Non-suicidal self-injury within offender populations: A systematic review. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11(1), 33-50. Durcan, G., & Zwemstra, J. C. (2014). 11. Mental health in prison. Prisons and health, 87. Fatoye, F. O., Fatoye, G. K., Oyebanji, A. O., & Ogunro, A. S. (2006). Psychological characteristics as correlates of emotional burden in incarcerated offenders in Nigeria. East African medical journal, 83(10), 545-552. Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23,000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet, 359(9306), 545–550. Fazel, S., & Seewald, K. (2012). Severe mental illness in 33 588 prisoners worldwide: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(5), 364-373. Fazel, S., Cartwright, J., Norman-Nott, A., & Hawton, K. (2008). Suicide in prisoners: a systematic review of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(11), 1721–1731. Harris, F., Hek, G., & Condon, L. (2007). Health needs of prisoners in England and Wales: the implications for prison healthcare of gender, age and ethnicity. Health & social care in the community, 15(1), 56-66. James, D.J., & Glaze, L.E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Jenkins, R., Bhugra, D., Meltzer, H., Singleton, N., Bebbington, P., Brugha, T., & Paton, J. (2005). Psychiatric and social aspects of suicidal behaviour in prisons. Psychological medicine, 35(2), 257-269. Kamoyo, J. M., Barchok, H. K., & Mburugu, B. M. (2015). Effects of imprisonment on depression among female inmates in selected prisons in Kenya. Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 5, 16. Khan, T.M., Hussain, H., Khan, G., Khan, A., Badshah, A., & Sarwar, R. (2012). Incidence of Depression among Incarcerated Woman in Central Prison, Peshawar, Pakistan. European Journal of General Medicine, 9(1), 33-38. Lohner, J,. & Konrad, N. (2007). Risk factors for self-injurious behaviour in custody: Problems of definition and prediction. International Journal of Prison Health, 3(2), 135–161. Nwaopara, U., & Stanley, P. (2015). Prevalence of depression in Port Harcourt prison. J Psychiatry, 18(340), 2. O'Connor, R., & Sheehy, N. (2000). Understanding suicidal behaviour. Leicester: BPS Books. Osasona, S. O., & Koleoso, O. N. (2015). Prevalence and correlates of depression and anxiety disorder in a sample of inmates in a Nigerian prison. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 50(2), 203-218. Palmer, E. J., & Connelly, R. (2005). Depression, hopelessness and suicide ideation among vulnerable prisoners. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 15(3), 164-170. Perry, A. E., & Gilbody, S. (2009). Detecting and predicting self-harm behaviour in prisoners: a prospective psychometric analysis of three instruments. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(10), 853-861. Pro, G., & Marzell, M. (2017). Medical parole and aging prisoners: A qualitative study. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 23(2), 162-172. Shahid, I., Aftab, M. A., Yousaf, Z., Naqvi, S. H., & Hashmi, A. M. (2014). Prevalence of depression among male prisoners at an urban jail in Pakistan. HealthMED, 8(6), 699. Shrestha, G., Yadav, D. K., Sapkota, N., Baral, D., Yadav, B. K., Chakravartty, A., & Pokharel, P. K. (2017). Depression among inmates in a regional prison of eastern Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 1-9. Smith, R. (1984). The mental health of prisoners. I-How many mentally abnormal prisoners?. British Medical Journal (Clinical research ed.), 288(6413), 308. Uche, N., & Princewill, S. (2015). Clinical factors as predictors of depression in a Nigerian prison population. Journal of Psychiatry, 19(01). Usama, H. A., Riaz, M., Khan, A., Begum, N., Asif, M., & Hamza, M. (2022). PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN QURAN AND BIBLE (A RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL REVIEW). PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 1202-1211. Üstün, T. B., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Mathers, C., & Murray, C. J. (2004). Global burden of depressive disorders in the year 2000. The British journal of psychiatry, 184(5), 386-392. Walmsley, R. (2011). World prison population list London: Kings College London. International Centre for Prison Studies, 9. Winicov, N. (2019). A systematic review of behavioral health interventions for suicidal and self-harming individuals in prisons and jails. Heliyon, 5(9), e02379. World Health Organization. (2000). Preventing suicide: A resource for prison officers (No. WHO/MNH/MBD/00.5). World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2009). ECOSOC meeting addressing non-communicable diseases and mental health: major challenges to sustainable development in the 21st century. World Health Organization, 1–32. World Health Organization. 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Copyright (c) 2024 Madiha Ahmed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Relationship between Social Media and Academic Performance of the Students of in a Public Sector University of Islamabad
This study explores how social media effects students’ academic performance. The last few decades have seen rapid advancement of technology and social change. Emergence of smart phones and social media websites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and various other platforms have effected students, studies around the world. Social networking sites (SNS) such as Facebook and Instagram are known to cause procrastination in users, especially the students are affected from social media. The ratio of social media usage is constantly rising in all over the world. Pakistan is no exception to this global issue, the reasons behind this elevated social media usage could be the result of westernization and technological advancement in Pakistan. But it is growing higher and because of it many arenas of life are getting influenced. Researcher seeks to check the impact of social media usage on academic performance. The study was led to determine the effect of use of social media on the academic performance. To check this relationship, researcher has conducted mini thesis in which 150 samples were selected and simple random sampling method was used to collect data. The universe is Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad from where the researcher selected sample and the information was extracted through questionnaire having 15 items that are enough for the required information to check the relationship between social media and academic performance. References Alahmar, A. T. (2016). The impact of social media on the academic performance of second year medical students at College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Iraq. J Med Allied Sci, 6(2), 77. Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health. Management (IJM), 12(3), 1130-1137. Alwagait, E., Shahzad, B., & Alim, S. (2015). Impact of social media usage on students academic performance in Saudi Arabia. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 1092-1097. Asif, M. (2021). Contingent Effect of Conflict Management towards Psychological Capital and Employees’ Engagement in Financial Sector of Islamabad. Preston University, Kohat, Islamabad Campus. Asif, M. (2022). Integration of Information Technology in Financial Services and its Adoption by the Financial Sector in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(2), 23-35. Asif, M., Khan, A., & Pasha, M. A. (2019). Psychological capital of employees’ engagement: moderating impact of conflict management in the financial sector of Pakistan. Global Social Sciences Review, IV, 160-172. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Mumtaz, A., & Sabir, B. (2023). Causes of youth unemployment in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 41-50. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., & Shahid, A. (2025). Energy scarcity and economic stagnation in Pakistan. Bahria University Journal Of Management & Technology, 8(1). Asif, M., & Sandhu, M. S. (2023). Social Media Marketing Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of its Adoption and Impact on Business Performance. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 2(2), 67-77. Asif, M., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Creating a High-Performance Workplace by the determination of Importance of Job Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Leadership. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(2), 9-15. Asghar, R. J., Shah, M. U. Z. A. M. M. E. L., & Khan, J. A. (2021). Big Five Personality Traits and Training Transfer: Does Organizational Politics Matters. International Review of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9(4), 457-469. Bashir, M., Noor-e-Zahra, S., & Qaisar, Z. (2024). The Gig Economy and Automation: Implications for Human Resource Management in Pakistan. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 41-53. Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of computer‐mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230. Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2010). Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. IEEE engineering management review, 38(3), 16-31. Fatima, S. S., & Shahid, A. (2025). Women's Lived Experiences in Exogamous Marriages within Syed and Non-Syed Communities. Apex Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 1-28. Giunchiglia, F., Zeni, M., Gobbi, E., Bignotti, E., & Bison, I. (2018). Mobile social media usage and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 177-185. Huang, H. (2011). Social media addiction among adolescents in urban China: An examination of sociopsychological traits, uses and gratifications, academic performance, and social capital (Doctoral dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong). Khalid, B., Zia urRehman, M., & Asghar, R. J. (2016). How To Augment Task And Contextual Performance Through Employee Engagement. IBT Journal of Business Studies (JBS), 2(2). Khalid, R., & Shahid, A. (2024). Exploring the Dynamics of Paid Academic Writings in Pakistani and Foreign Universities. Apex Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 1-31. Khattak, T., & Asghar, R. J. (2024). Strategic Counter Measures to Terrorism and Extremism in Pakistan and Insights from Home Land Security: A Need for the Enactment of Pakistan's National Counter Terrorism Department. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 61-74. Kithinji, W. K. (2022). Introducing dual apprenticeships training in Kenya: Perspectives of selected donor projects in Technical and Vocational schools. Journal of Popular Education in Africa, 6(1), 102-113. Leyrer-Jackson, J. M., & Wilson, A. K. (2018). The associations between social-media use and academic performance among undergraduate students in biology. Journal of biological education, 52(2), 221-230. Mensah, S. O., & Nizam, I. (2016). The impact of social media on students’ academic performance-A case of Malaysia Tertiary Institution. International Journal of Education, Learning and Training, 1(1), 14-21. Muthee, J. M., & Murungi, C. G. (2019). Relationship Among Intelligence, Achievement Motivation, Type of School, and Academic Performance of Kenyan Urban Primary School Pupils. In Advanced Methodologies and Technologies in Modern Education Delivery (pp. 142-151). IGI Global. Rabbani, W., & Bashir, M. (2022). Deep Dive into Debt Financing and Its Impact on Small Businesses. Journal of Business Insight and Innovation, 1(1), 29-38. Shahid, A. (2024, March). Youth Political Engagement via Facebook: A Netnographic Exploration of Political Activism in Pakistan. In United Frontiers Conference Proceedings (UFCP) (Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 8-8). Shahid, A., & Bushra, M. (2024). Exploring the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Marital Choices. Apex Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 8-29. Shahid, N., Asif, M., & Pasha, A. (2022). Effect of Internet Addiction on School Going Children. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 13-55. Usat, S. (2022). THE INFLUENCE OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKING BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF DESIGNATED SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KLANG VALLEY (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia).
Copyright (c) 2025 Sabahat Waqar, Asma Shaheen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Marital Choices
Abstract The current study find out the relationship between socio economic status and mate selection. Mate selection is very important decision of everyone life and in selecting a partner many indicators play important role like physical attractiveness, Age, economic status, ethnicity, education etc. the main objective of this study is to find out the perception of female regarding importance of socio-economic status in mate selection and to analyse the opinion of women choosing to be second wife based on economic consideration. The literature had explained the importance of socio-economic status in mate selection. Researcher applies social exchange theory on topic of the study. To understand the importance of socio-economic status in mate selection the study was conducted in Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. The researcher used quantitative method for data collection. The sample size of 120 female respondents was chosen for the data collection. The results shows that according to women opinion life is happy after marriage if men economic status is high. But the mostly respondents are disagree with this statement that women select to become second wife on the base of economic consideration. References Abdullah, H. S., Li, L. P., & David, A. P. V. (2011). Gender differences in mate selection criteria among Malaysian undergraduate students. SARJANA. Adeyemi, M. B., & Adeyinka, A. A. (2003). The principles and content of African traditional education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 35(4), 425-440. Alavi, M., Alahdad, R., & Shafeq, S. M. (2014). Mate selection criteria among postgraduate students in Malaysia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 5075-5080. Ali, Z. S. (2013). Mobile phone and Pakistani youth: A gender perspective. Journal of Telematics and Informatics, 1(2), 59-68. Asamarai, L. A., Solberg, K. B., & Solon, P. C. (2008). The role of religiosity in Muslim spouse selection and its influence on marital satisfaction. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 3(1), 37-52. Buss, D. M. (2003). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. Basic Books. Belot, M., & Francesconi, M. (2006). Can anyone be 'the' one? Evidence on mate selection from speed dating. Chaudhry, S. (2004). The investigation into attitude of rural women towards exchange marriages: A case study in District Jhang (Doctoral dissertation). University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. Chang, L., Wang, Y., Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Chinese mate preferences: Cultural evolution and continuity across a quarter of a century. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 678-683. Dutton, W. H., Helsper, E. J., Whitty, M. T., Buckwalter, G., & Lee, E. (2008). Mate selection in the network society: The role of the Internet in reconfiguring marriages in Australia, the United Kingdom and United States. SSRN, 1275810. Deosthale, D. C., & Hennon, C. B. (2008). Family and tradition in India. In C. B. Hennon, & S. M. Wilson (Eds.), Families in a global context (pp. 295-323). Frank, N., & Gill, M. (2002). International encyclopedia of sociology volume one, 1-780 (7 61). British Library cataloguing-in-publishing data consulting editor: Hector L. Delgada. Fu, X. (2006). Impact of socioeconomic status on inter-racial mate selection and divorce. Journal of Social Science, 43, 239-258. Franklin, R. G., & Adams, R. B. (2009). A dual-process account of female facial attractiveness preferences: Sexual and nonsexual routes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(5), 1156-1159. Gonzaga, G. C., Campos, B., & Bradbury, T. (2007). Similarity, convergence, and relationship satisfaction in dating and married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(1), 34. Gulzar, A., & Husain, W. (2015). The psychosocial preferences in mate selection among Pakistanis. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 9(1), 29. Greitemeyer, T. (2007). What do men and women want in a partner? Are educated partners always more desirable? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 180-194. Gage, J., & Hancock, D. (2007). Where is the money honey: The socioeconomic effects of mate choice. Hitsch, G. J., Hortaçsu, A., & Ariely, D. (2010). Matching and sorting in online dating. The American Economic Review, 100(1), 130-163. Hoppe, H. C., Moldovanu, B., & Sela, A. (2009). The theory of assortative matching based on costly signals. The Review of Economic Studies, 76(1), 253-281. Hancock, J. T., Toma, C., & Ellison, N. (2007). The truth about lying in online dating profiles. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 449-452). Ingoldsby, B. B. (1998). Mate selection and marriage around the world. Seeing Ourselves: Classic, Contemporary, and Cross-cultural Readings in Sociology, 320. Kalmijn, M., & Flap, H. (2001). Assortative meeting and mating: Unintended consequences of organized settings for partner choices. Social Forces, 79(4), 1289-1312. Kurzban, R., & Weeden, J. (2005). HurryDate: Mate preferences in action. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26(3), 227-244. Kline, S. L., Zhang, S., Manohar, U., Ryu, S., Suzuki, T., & Mustafa, H. (2012). The role of communication and cultural concepts in expectations about marriage: Comparisons between young adults from six countries. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(3), 319-333. Mushtaq, F., Saeed, S., & Alam, R. N. (2021). TRANSITION IN SPOUSE SELECTION: A STUDY OF PAKISTANI GRADUATES AND THEIR PARENTS. Ilkogretim Online, 20(5). Perilloux, C., Fleischman, D. S., & Buss, D. M. (2011). Meet the parents: Parent-offspring convergence and divergence in mate preferences. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(2), 253-258. Rosenfeld, M. J. (2005). A critique of exchange theory in mate selection. American Journal of Sociology, 110(5), 1284-1325. Shafer, K., & James, S. L. (2013). Gender and socioeconomic status differences in first and second marriage formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75(3), 544-564. Schwartz, C. R., & Mare, R. D. (2005). Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003. Demography, 42(4), 621-646. Skolnick, A. (2005). Marriages (Selecting a Partner), Online Encyclopedia, University of California at Berkeley and Visiting Professor of Sociology, New York University. Sprecher, S., & Regan, P. C. (2002). Liking some things (in some people) more than others: Partner preferences in romantic relationships and friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(4), 463-481. Stone, E. A., Shackelford, T. K., & Buss, D. M. (2008). Socioeconomic development and shifts in mate preferences. Evolutionary Psychology, 6(3), 147470490800600309. Tariq, I. I., Hasan, S. S., & Ajmal, M. A. (2013). Cognitive schemas of an ideal spouse among young adults. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11(2), 14-21. Vogler, C., Brockmann, M., & Wiggins, R. D. (2008). Managing money in new heterosexual forms of intimate relationships. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(2), 552-572. Wang, H., & Wellman, B. (2010). Social connectivity in America: Changes in adult friendship network size from 2002 to 2007. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(8), 1148-1169. Yi, C. C., Chang, L., & Luo, X. (2016). Factors influencing mate selection in contemporary China: A multidimensional analysis. International Journal of Sociology, 46(2), 107-123. Yılmaz, M., Güngör, H. C., & Çelik, S. B. (2013). Investigation romance and mate selection myths of university students. Zhang, J., & Yu, K. (2014). Women's mate preferences and marriage patterns in contemporary China: A literature review. Journal of Family Issues, 35(12), 1779-1803.
Copyright (c) 2024 Asmaa Shahid, Maryam Bushra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Experiences of Female Beggars in Islamabad
Begging, a prevalent social issue, affects both men and women, often driven by poverty, unemployment, and psychological distress. While poverty remains the primary driver, other factors like mental health challenges and social exclusion can also contribute. Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach, prioritizing poverty reduction and social upliftment. Government intervention is crucial, with a focus on implementing policies that improve living standards by ensuring access to basic necessities like food, shelter, and healthcare. Furthermore, strategies aimed at generating sustainable livelihoods are essential. By providing access to education, vocational training, and employment opportunities, individuals can transition from informal income sources like begging towards more stable and dignified employment. Previous research consistently demonstrates the potential for higher earnings through formal employment compared to informal activities like begging. My own observations and insights gained from interviews further reinforce this understanding. Begging often intersects with homelessness, highlighting the urgent need for integrated social welfare programs that address both housing insecurity and poverty. References Adedibu, A. A., & Jelili, M. O. (2011). Package for Controlling Street Begging and Rehabilitating Beggars and the Physically Challenged in Nigeria: Paper for Policy Carter T (2011) Panhandling in Winnipeg: Volume 1 Legislation Vs Support Services. A study for the Public Interest Law Centre, University of Winnipeg, 1-3 Godfray, H. C. J., & Parker, G. A. (1992). Sibling competition, parent-offspring conflict and clutch size. Animal Behaviour, 43(3), 473-490. Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., Lozano, R., & World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. World Health Organization. Kumarappa, J. M. (1945). Our beggar problem: How to tackle it. (pp. 19-26). Bombay: Padma Publications Ltd. Mock, D. W., Dugas, M. B., & Strickler, S. A. (2011). Honest begging: expanding from signal of need. Behavioral Ecology, 22(5), 909-917. Patel, V., & Patel, T. (2010). Poverty and mental health: Global evidence, regional perspectives and national priorities. The Lancet, 376(9736), 809-816. Portes, A. a. (2005). The informal economy (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. Royle, N. J., Hartley, I. R., & Parker, G. A. (2002). Begging for control: when are offspring solicitation behaviours honest?. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17(9), 434-440. Smith, P. (2005). The economics of anti-begging regulations. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Weevers, M. D. (2012). Swept up from the streets or nowhere else to go ? The Journal of Female Beggars and wagrants to the oegstgeest State Labou Instituation in the late nineteenth century. Journal Of Social History. UNICEF. (2019). Ending child begging: A call to action. UNICEF. UNHCR. (2015). Refugees and asylum-seekers with disabilities. UNHCR.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sabahat Waqar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Women's Lived Experiences in Exogamous Marriages within Syed and Non-Syed Communities
Inter-caste marriages, particularly those involving the Syed and non-Syed communities in Punjab, Pakistan, offer a unique lens through which to investigate the links between gender, religion, and caste. The Syed community, claiming descent from the Prophet Muhammad, holds a significant religious and social status within Islamic societies, including Pakistan. This status often influences social interactions and marriage practices, leading to complex dynamics when it intersects with non-Syed communities. This research aims to explore the lived experiences of women in inter-caste marriages between Syed and non-Syed individuals in Punjab, Pakistan. By examining their personal narratives, the study seeks to understand how these women negotiate their identities and familial relationships amidst the intersecting pressures of gender, caste, and religion. The focus on real-life experiences provides a nuanced understanding of the cultural and familial dynamics at play, contributing to the broader discourse on social stratification and gender in South Asia. The conclusion of this study illustrate the complex intersections of gender, caste, religion, and class that shape challenges and opportunities faced by women in these marriages. The respondent's Syed identity, which confers significant religious and social status, creates unique expectations and pressures regarding her marriage and family life. As a woman, she navigates additional gendered expectations and limitations imposed by her family and community. Despite the initial resistance from her family, the respondent was able to assert her agency and make the choice to marry her non-Syed husband, whom she loves. The study's further recommends inclusion and promoting intersectional awareness and sensitivity, strengthening legal and institutional protections, empowering women through education and economic opportunities, engaging with religious and community leaders, and fostering intergenerational dialogue and change. These conclusion give to the growing amount of literature on women intersecting experiences in inter-caste marriages, with implications for policymakers, community leaders, and social service providers striving to give these women with surrounding that are more welcoming and encouraging. References Aaisha, A. U. (2020, August 8). Caste based endogamy in a Punjabi village of Pakistan. CORE. https://core.ac.uk/outputs/543128230/?source=2 Ahmad, S. (2012). Caste and identity in Pakistan: Beyond the framework of colonial modernity. Journal of Historical Sociology, 25(3), 305–325. Alatas, S. I. (2022). Compatibility despite controversy: Sunni-Shia marriages within the Singapore Muslim community. Asian Studies Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, 58(2), 1–28. Alghafli, Z., Hatch, T., & Marks, L. (2014). Religion and relationships in Muslim families: A qualitative examination of devout married Muslim couples. Religions, 5(3), 814–833. Bani, L. M., & Pate, H. A. (2015). Dissolution of marriage (divorce) under Islamic law. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 42, 138. Bidner, C., & Eswaran, M. (2015). A gender-based theory of the origin of the caste system of India. Journal of Development Economics, 114, 142–158. Bisin, A., & Verdier, T. (2000). Beyond the melting pot: Cultural transmission, marriage, and the evolution of ethnic and religious traits. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 955–988. Carter, A. T. (1973). A comparative analysis of systems of kinship and marriage in South Asia. Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1973(30), 29. https://doi.org/10.2307/3031719 Charsley, K. (2013). Transnational Pakistani connections: Marrying ‘back home’. Routledge. Cheema, S. A. (2014). Socially abhorrent but legally acceptable: A study of alleged conversions of Sunnis and Shias in cases of inheritance in Pakistan. South Asian Studies: A Research Journal of South Asian Studies, 29(1), 281–291. Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge. Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. Das, V. (2014). Caste and gender in India. Oxford University Press. Davis, K. (1941). Intermarriage in caste societies. American Anthropologist, 43(3), 376–395. Jassal, S. T. (2012). Unearthing gender: Folksongs of North India. Duke University Press. Kalmijn, M. (2010). Consequences of racial intermarriage for children’s social integration. Sociological Perspectives, 53(2), 271–286. Kaur, R. (2010). Khap panchayats, sex ratio and female agency. Economic and Political Weekly, 45(23), 14-16. Khalid, R., & Shahid, A. (2024). Exploring the Dynamics of Paid Academic Writings in Pakistani and Foreign Universities. Apex Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 1-31. Khuri, F. I. (1987). The Ulama: A comparative study of Sunni and Shi’a religious officials. Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 23(3), 291–312. Kumar, S. (2015). Marriage and family in India. Jaico Publishing House. Leach, E. R. (1960). Introduction. In E. R. Leach (Ed.), Aspects of caste (Cambridge papers in social anthropology 2). Cambridge University Press. Levi-Strauss, C. (1967). The scope of anthropology. Jonathan Cape. (Original essay published in 1953) Lyon, S. (2003). Scholz, Fred (trans. Hugh van Skyhawk). Nomadism and colonialism: a hundred years of Baluchistan, 1872-1972. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 9(3), 604-606. Lyon, S. M. (2004). 'Indirect'symbolic violence and rivalry between equals in rural Punjab, Pakistan. Durham anthropology journal, 12(1). Molesworth, J. T., & Candy, G. T. (1857). A dictionary, Marathi and English (2nd ed.). Bombay: Bombay Education Society Press. Moore, J. (2015). The Sunni and Shia schism: Religion, Islamic politics, and why Americans need to know the differences. Social Studies, 106(5), 226–235. Parkin, R. (1997). Kinship: An introduction to the basic concepts. (No Title). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. https://www.pbs.gov.pk/ Perazzo, B. (2012). Policy brief: On being Shia in Saudi Arabia-A survey looking into the lives of Saudi Arabia’s second-class citizens. Gulf Institute. https://www.gulfinstitute.org/wp-content/pdfs/shialifeinsaudiarabia.pdf Porter, F., & Sweetman, C. (Eds.). (2005). Mainstreaming gender in development: A critical review. Sabaruddin, S., & Rasyid, H. H. A. (2023). Understanding the differences and meeting points between Shia and Sunni. Journal of Research in Multidisciplinary, 6(1), 697–701. Scottish Government. (2022, March 9). What is meant by the concept of “intersectionality”. Scottish Government. https://www.gov.scot/publications/using-intersectionality-understand-structural-inequality-scotland-evidence-synthesis/pages/3/ Shaheed, F. (2010). Gender, religion and the quest for justice in Pakistan. Third World Quarterly, 31(6), 973–989. Shanneik, Y. (2017). Shia marriage practices: Karbala as lieux de mémoire in London. Social Sciences, 6(3), 100. Stone, W. (2001). Measuring social capital. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Research Paper, 24. Usama, H. A., Riaz, M., Khan, A., Begum, N., Asif, M., & Hamza, M. (2022). PROHIBITION OF ALCOHOL IN QURAN AND BIBLE (A RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL REVIEW). PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(4), 1202-1211.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeda Sundas Fatima, Asmaa Shahid (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Students Perceptions about Flipped Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic at Higher Education in Islamabad
This study was aim to find the “perception of students (male and female) towards flipped learning during COVID- 19 Pandemic in Islamabad. In this study researcher was check the perception of flipped learning during covid-19. In this study researcher have work on two objectives. The first one is to assess perception of students about flipped classroom during covid-19. And the second one is to investigate whether there is any difference in perception of students according to gender basis. For this, researcher used opinionnaire to find out the male and female students perceptions about flipped learning. Sample of present study consisted of two universities, Researcher selected universities on the bases of convenient sampling technique. After selecting the universities, 1-8 semester students of BS-computer science department from each university were selected on the basis on random sampling technique. Researcher personally visits the BS-computer science department of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad and NUML University, Islamabad. According to the target population researcher distribute the questionnaire and collect the data randomly. Researcher used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for further tabulation and statistical data analysis. The data was analyzed and presented in the form of tables. Independent sample t- test was applied to find out the difference between male and female students perception regarding flipped learning at significant p<.05. The result of the present study shows that there is no significant difference between male and female students perception about flipped learning. References Abeysekera, L., & Dawson, P. (2015). Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher education research & development, 34(1), 1-14. Almusawi, A. Y. (2014). The impact of similarities strategy and flipped thinking in acquiring geographical concepts and developing creative thinking in middle school students. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Arnold-Garza, S. (2014). The flipped classroom teaching model and its use for information literacy instruction. Communications in information literacy, 8(1), 9. Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Aşıksoy, G., & Özdamlı, F. (2016). Flipped classroom adapted to the ARCS model of motivation and applied to a physics course. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 12(6), 1589-1603. Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2014). Flipped learning for science instruction (Vol. 1). International Society for Technology in Education. Booth, S., Willan, J., Wong, H., Khan, D., Farnell, R., Hunter, A., ... & Peniket, A. (2020). Regional outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in hospitalised patients with haematological malignancy. European journal of haematology, 105(4), 476-483. Brame, C. (2013). Flipping the classroom. Vanderbilt University Center for Teaching. Brewer, R., & Movahedazarhouligh, S. (2018). Successful stories and conflicts: A literature review on the effectiveness of flipped learning in higher education. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 34(4), 409-416. Carpenter, J. P., & Pease, J. S. (2012). Sharing the learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 94(2), 36-41. Colomo-Magaña, E., Soto-Varela, R., Ruiz-Palmero, J., & Gómez-García, M. (2020). University students’ perception of the usefulness of the flipped classroom methodology. Education Sciences, 10(10), 275. Crane, T. (2005). What is the problem of perception?. Synthesis Philosophica, 20(2), 237-264. Crimmins, M. T., & Midkiff, B. (2017). High structure active learning pedagogy for the teaching of organic chemistry: Assessing the impact on academic outcomes. Journal of chemical education, 94(4), 429-438. Dearing, R. (1997). Higher education in the learning society (The Dearing Report). Leeds: National Committee of Enquiry into Higher Education. Defour, M. (2013). Flipped classrooms’ spreading in Wisconsin. Community College Week, 25(16), 10. Demiralay, R. (2014). Evde ders okulda ödev modelinin benimsenmesi sürecinin yeniliğin yayılımı kuramı çerçevesinde incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara. Duerdan, D. (2013). Disadvantages of a flipped classroom. 10.11. 2015 tarihinde http://www. 360edu. com/commentary/disadvantages-of-a-flipped-classroom. htm#. UtaQkvRdUpW İnternet adresinden alınmıştır. Flipped Learning Network. (2014). Retrieved from http://flippedlearning.org/definition-of- flipped-learning Fulton, K. (2012). Upside down and inside out: Flip your classroom to improve student learning. Learning & Leading with Technology, 39(8), 12-17. Gianicolo, E., Riccetti, N., Blettner, M., & Karch, A. (2020).Epidemiological Measures in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. DeutschesÄrzteblatt International, 117(19). Gilboy, M. B., Heinerichs, S., & Pazzaglia, G. (2015). Enhancing student engagement using the flipped classroom. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 47(1), 109-114. Goodwin, B., & Miller, K. (2013). Research says evidence on flipped classrooms is still coming in. Technology Rich Learning, 70(6), 78-80. Halili, S. H., & Zainuddin, Z. (2015). Flipping the classroom: What we know and what we don't. The online Journal of Distance Education and E-learning, 3(1), 15-22. Hamdan, N., Mcknight, P., Mcknight, K., & Arfstrom, D. (2013). A review of flipped learning: Pearson Research Network Herreid, C. F., & Schiller, N. A. (2013). Case studies and the flipped classroom. Journal of College Science Teaching, 42(5), 62-66. Hu, C. F., & Hsu, F. F. (2018). The Value of Adding a Flipped Learning Component to a Humanities Course in Higher Education: Student Perception and Performance. Taiwan Journal of TESOL, 15(2), 1-32. Isani, U. A., & Virk, M. L. (2005). Higher education in Pakistan: A historical and futuristic perspective. National Book Foundation. Jenkins, C. (2012). The advantages and disadvantages of the flipped classroom. The Lecture Tools Blog, Posted by Chelsea Jenkins. Johnson, D. (2012). Taking charge of online learning. Educational leadership, 70(3), 84-85. Mason, G. S., Shuman, T. R., & Cook, K. E. (2013). Comparing the effectiveness of an inverted classroom to a traditional classroom in an upper-division engineering course. IEEE transactions on education, 56(4), 430-435. Milman, N. B. (2012). The flipped classroom strategy: What is it and how can it best be used?. Distance learning, 9(3), 85. Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M., & Sethi, A. (2020). Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S27. Murray, D., Koziniec, T., & McGill, T. J. (2015). Student Perceptions of Flipped Learning. ACE, 160, 57-62. Musdi, E., Agustyani, A. R. D., & Tasman, F. (2019, October). Students’ perception toward flipped classroom learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1317, No. 1, p. 012132). IOP Publishing. Mustard, F. (1998). The Nurturing of creativity: The role of higher education. Oxford University Press. Karachi Nouri, J. (2015). The flipped classroom: for active, effective and increased learning: especially for low achievers. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13, 1-10. Overmyer, J. (2012). Flipped classrooms 101. Principal, 46–47. Ozdamli, F., & Asiksoy, G. (2016). Flipped classroom approach. World Journal on Educational Technology: Current Issues, 8(2), 98-105. Ponikwear, F. & Patel, B.A. (2018). Implementation and evaluation of flipped learning for delivery of analytical chemistry topics. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410(9), 2263–2269. Priyaadharshini, M., &Vinayaga Sundaram, B. (2018). Evaluation of higher‐order thinking skills using learning style in an undergraduate engineering in flipped classroom. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 26(6), 2237-2254. Rafon, J., &Mistades, V. (2020).Interactive Engagement in Rotational Motion via Flipped Classroom and 5E Instructional Model [J]. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(12), 905-910. Talbert, R. (2012). Inverted classroom. The Internet and Higher Education, 15, 89-95 University of Minesota. (2013). Flipped classroom field guide, 1–25.used? Distance Learning, 9(3), 85–87. Thai, N. T. T., De Wever, B., & Valcke, M. (2017). The impact of a flipped classroom design on learning performance in higher education: Looking for the best “blend” of lectures and guiding questions with feedback. Computers & Education, 107, 113-126. World Bank. (2000). Report on Higher Education in the Developing Countries: Peril and Promise. Oxford University Press. Zownorega, S. J. (2013). Effectiveness of flipping the classroom in a honors level, mechanics-based physics class. (MA Thesis), Eastern Illinois University.
Copyright (c) 2023 Fiza Bibi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perception of Students about social media as learning tool at Higher Secondary level in Islamabad
This study explores the perception of higher secondary science students in Islamabad, Pakistan, regarding social media as a learning tool. The COVID-19 pandemic's shift to online education prompted the research, recognizing the integral role social media plays in daily life and e-learning opportunities. The research objectives are to understand students' perceptions of using social media for learning, to identify positive perceptions of using social media for learning, and to investigate negative perceptions of using social media for learning. The methodology involved a descriptive survey design using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 316 students from five randomly selected colleges in Sectors I and H of Islamabad. Data analysis focused on descriptive statistics like means, frequencies, and percentages. The findings revealed that student perceptions towards the positive and negative aspects of using social media for learning. The research significance lies in informing policymakers when creating laws and regulations for social media use by students, guiding teachers on effectively utilizing social media for student learning, helping curriculum developers design programs that leverage social media, and encouraging students to become independent learners through social media. This research contributes to the ongoing discussion about harnessing the potential of social media in education while mitigating its negative aspects. References Ahmed, Y. A., Ahmad, M. N., Ahmad, N., & Hidayati, N. (2018). Knowledge sharing in social media: Moderating role of attachment motivation. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 17(2), 1850031. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649218500319 Al-Sharqi, L., & Hashim, K. (2014). Students’ perceptions of using social media for learning at King AbdulAziz University. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE), 5(1), 1-16. Al-Sharqi, L., & Hashim, K. (2014). Perceptions of social media’s impact on students’ academic performance at KAU. Contemporary Educational Technology, 5(3), 221-236. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/6138 Alhababi, H., Alfadil, M., Alzamanan, M., & Williams, M. K. (2015). Social media platforms provide instant, handy, and suitable learning tools that provide easy share options to share skills, information, and knowledge. Educational Media International, 52(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523987.2015.1005423 Asif, M., Pasha, M. A., Shafiq, S., & Craine, I. (2022). Economic impacts of post COVID-19. Inverge Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 56-65. Balakrishnan, V., Keat Teoh, K., & Pourshafie, T. (2017). Social media and its influence on students’ learning: A case study of a Malaysian university. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 13(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2017010105 Balakrishnan, V., Teoh, K. K., & Pourshafie, T. (2017). The role of social media in education: A review of the literature. International Journal of Instruction, 10(1), 603-620. Baruah, T. D. (2012). Effectiveness of social media as a tool of communication and its potential for technology-enabled connections: A micro-level study. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2(5), 1-10. Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/research_paper_may2012/ijsrp-may-2012-24.pdf Buckingham Shum, S., & Lee, M. J. W. (2019). The evolving landscape of social media use in higher education: A systematic literature review. Computers & Education, 139, 103668. Chukwuer, H. O. (2021). Social media and youth development: Positive and negative impacts. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE), 12(2), 223-234. Chukwuer, J. N. (2021). Social media use and academic performance among students. Journal of Education and Practice, 12(5), 58-64. https://doi.org/10.7176/JEP/12-5-09 Gudelliwar, S. S. (2018). The role of social media in improving students' grades: A case study. Educational Research International, 7(3), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8560413 Hendricks, D. (2013). Complete history of social media: Then and now. Small Business Trends. Retrieved from https://smallbiztrends.com/2013/05/the-complete-history-of-social-media-infographic.html Hendricks, J. (2013). The history of social media. ABC-CLIO. Hussain, N. S. F., & Rahim, R. A. (2022). Student academic performance, educational factors and collaborative learning in social media: A new conceptual realisms. Global Business and Management Research, 14(4s), 13-26. JISC. (2021). Making the most of social media in education. JISC. Kolhar, M., Kazi, R. N. A., & Alameen, A. (2021). Effect of social media use on learning, social interactions, and sleep duration among university students. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(4), 2216-2222. Lenhart, A., Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2019). Teens, social media & technology. Pew Research Center. Mastrodicasa, J., & Metellus, P. (2013). The impact of social media on college students. Journal of College and Character, 14(1), 21-30. Mutarubukwa, P. A., & Mazana, M. Y. (2020). The influence of social media on students’ academic performance: A case of Great Zimbabwe University. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, Education and Humanities, 2(4), 100-108. Mutarubukwa, P. A., & Mazana, M. Y. (2020). The use of social media sites by college students for academic purposes. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 16(2), 87-99. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1269151.pdf Patil, U., Kostareva, U., Hadley, M., Manganello, J. A., Okan, O., Dadaczynski, K., ... & Sentell, T. (2021). Health literacy, digital health literacy, and COVID-19 pandemic attitudes and behaviors in US college students: Implications for interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 3301. Pew Research Center. (2021). Social media fact sheet. Pew Research Center. Salleh, U. K. M., Zulnaidi, H., Rahim, S. A. S. A., Zakaria, A. R. B., & Hidayat, R. (2019). Self-directed learning in a digital age: The role of social media. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v15i3.8368 Sarwar, B., Zulfiqar, S., Aziz, S., & Chandia, K. E. (2018). Collaborative learning through social media: A perspective of students’ perceived usefulness and academic performance. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 10(4), 462-477. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-06-2018-0105 Sarwar, B., Zulfiqar, S., Aziz, S., & Chandia, K. E. (2018). University students’ perceptions of social media for learning. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(2), 226-237. UNESCO. (2020). Guidelines for distance learning in higher education during the COVID-19 crisis. UNESCO.
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Crafting Connectivity: Navigating Geopolitical Challenges through Identity-Embedded Trade at the Angor Adda Crossing Between Pakistan and Afghanistan
In an era marked by geopolitical complexities and cross-border challenges, the Angor Adda Crossing between Pakistan and Afghanistan emerges as a microcosm of historical ties, cultural cohesion, and intricate trade dynamics. This research delves into the fascinating interplay between kinship, culture, and commerce at this border locale, aiming to uncover the profound impact of shared heritage on cross-border trade and migration. Drawing on a comprehensive array of data, including qualitative content analysis and insightful interviews, this study unveils a novel concept “Identity-Embedded Trade.” This innovative approach envisions the integration of cultural narratives, historical significance, and symbolic meanings into traded goods, transforming economic transactions into conduits of cultural dialogue. The research explores how this approach navigates geopolitical challenges, nurturing economic growth while preserving cultural heritage. The findings illuminate the enduring ties that transcend political boundaries, as the residents of Angor Adda bridge the gap between two nations through shared values, language, and familial connections. This study sheds light on the resilience of local traders, who harness the power of cultural identity to navigate territorial disputes, bureaucratic hurdles, and communication barriers. Moreover, the research uncovers the potential of digital connectivity in fostering seamless cross-border trade interactions, despite infrastructural limitations. Ultimately, this research not only enriches our understanding of cross-border trade dynamics but also offers a fresh perspective on how shared cultural identity can catalyze economic exchanges. The proposed “Identity- Embedded Trade" concept presents a forward-looking solution that embraces the essence of cultural heritage as a bridge to overcoming geopolitical challenges. The study contributes to academic discourse while offering practical insights for policymakers, scholars, and communities seeking to cultivate harmony and prosperity within cross-border interactions. References Abdurahmonov, O. (2021). The Pashtuns as the Largest Ethnic Group in Afghanistan. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 10(6), 328-332. Ahammad, M. F., Tarba, S. Y., Liu, Y., Glaister, K. W., & Cooper, C. L. (2016). Exploring the factors influencing the negotiation process in cross-border M&A. International Business Review, 25(2), 445-457. Alizai, S. H., Asif, M., & Rind, Z. K. (2021). Relevance of Motivational Theories and Firm Health. Management (IJM), 12(3), 1130-1137. Aulakh, P. S., Kotabe, M., & Sahay, A. (1996). Trust and performance in cross-border marketing partnerships: A behavioral approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 27, 1005-1032. Bird, R. M., & Gendron, P. P. (1998). Dual VATs and cross-border trade: Two problems, one solution? 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Impacts of Drone Attacks on Economic Activities, Education and Health in North Waziristan, Pakistan: A Perception Survey. Pakistan Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 3(1), 39-46. Khan, A. (2016). Issues in Pak-Afghan Border Management. ISSI Issue Brief. Khan, A. (2017). Pak-Afghan Border. Strategic Studies, 37(3), 22-40. Khayyam, U. (2016). Waziri Culture and Pashtun Tribal Governance System: A Missing Link to Halt the Deadliest War in Wild Waziristan. Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities, 5(1), 144-158. Lamsal, M. (2012). The Structuration Approach of Anthony Giddens. Himalayan Journal of Sociology & Anthropology, 5. Lehmann, T. (2022). Student teachers’ knowledge integration across conceptual borders: The role of study approaches, learning strategies, beliefs, and motivation. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37(4), 1189-1216. Liu, C.-L. E. (2012). An investigation of relationship learning in cross-border buyer–supplier relationships: The role of trust. 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Temporal dynamics of structural and cultural integration in cross-border acquisitions. In Advances in mergers and acquisitions, Vol. 13, pp. 109-152. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ullah, H., & Khalil, M. H. (2019). The Impact of US Invasion in Afghanistan on the Tribal Culture of Waziristan. Pakistan Journal of History & Culture, 40(1). Yiftachel, O. (2006). Ethnocracy: Land and identity politics in Israel/Palestine.
Copyright (c) 2023 Jasim Wazir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring the Dynamics of Paid Academic Writings in Pakistani and Foreign Universities
The increasing reliance on paid academic writing services among university students poses significant challenges to academic integrity and educational quality. This thesis investigates the dynamics of these services within Pakistani and Foreign Universities, focusing specifically on the perspectives and experiences of the students who use them. Through in-depth qualitative interviews with students, the research aims to uncover the motivations behind seeking paid academic assistance, the ethical considerations involved, and the perceived impact on their academic development. The study also explores the differences in students’ attitudes and behaviors regarding paid writing services across different cultural and educational contexts. By providing a detailed understanding of the factors driving this trend and its consequences, this research seeks to inform policy recommendations for upholding academic standards and fostering a culture of integrity in higher education. 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